A Cultural Informant Was My Brother - 972 Words

My cultural informant was my brother. Although my brother that is part of the gay community, I was unaware of how the community functioned. My brother is 18 years older than me so by the time I was old enough to understand what the LGBT community was, he had already moved out of the house. I did not realize he was gay until several years after he moved out and I found out by a comment he made about a male looking attractive to him. At that age, I realized that maybe my brother was gay. I picked my brother as my informant because I felt he would have a lot of experience to draw from and I felt he would be comfortable talking about his oppressions openly to me. My brother defines his identity and membership in the gay community as the typical gay spectrum. For instance, he is attracted to men and has sex with men but does not identify with being a woman. There is a stereotype within the gay community that if you are gay, you must identify yourself similar to how a woman would. Instead of being a chosen member, he feels you just fall into the community for identifying yourself gay. It s one thing to be gay and be involuntarily put into that community, but another thing to be around gay men within the community. My brother explained it this way, there are gay men that do not interact with other gay men even if they are part of the community because that you need to do voluntarily. He stated that he is part of the community involuntarily but voluntarily surrounds himselfShow MoreRelatedCultural Interview : Cultural Informant Interview1477 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Informant Interview My cultural informant was a friend who I have known for about six and a half years, Lisa. Lisa’s sister, Liya, and I became close friends during my freshman year of college. Liya, two other girls, and I became roommates from sophomore year through senior year. Lisa is a year younger than me, so I met her during my sophomore year. Liya and Lisa were international students from Ethiopia, so they often spent holidays and breaks with my family and I. The three of us becameRead MoreEssay about Ethnography1634 Words   |  7 PagesEthnography One of the most complex and interesting aspects of cultural anthropology is the ethnography. The idea of being able to read stories about groups of individuals is something that is intriguing to many people. With the ethnography, the authors many times feel that they have control and understanding over the individuals that they are writing about. Furthermore, many of these authors assume that the individuals among whom they are living and studying exemplify the entire society asRead More Ethnography Essays4047 Words   |  17 Pageson a scale par with football is the sport of rugby. My personal history with the sport began in a medium sized island in Polynesia. I lived and worked in New Zealand during the summer of 1999, between my sophomore and junior year. This little country hosts a number of different leagues and excels on the world level. I watched numerous matches on the television and in the parks. The first time I watched the national team (the â€Å"All Blacks†) was in a friendly match against New Zealand’s biggest rivalRead MoreIntercultural Communication At Rundle Mall2181 Words   |  9 Pagespeople in Australia, leading to improve my understanding as I do not belong to the country where English is the ‘lingua franca’{Tsui,2014}. I will be relating my first experience I have had respective of intercultural communication at the site being the Vodafone store at rundle mall. And the second being at the rundle street and the third at my own university and the where I have faced how intercultural communication eased the situations and also relating my three experiences with the course readingsRead MoreEssay on The Social Dynamics of the Weight Room3717 Words   |  15 Pagestheir bodies for companies like â€Å"J-Crew† and â€Å"Abercrombie and Fitch†. We can see that there may be a possibility of gender crossings (males looking more feminine and females looking more masculine). These images represent be auty and are seen as cultural icons of appearance in our culture. The media seems to determine and drive the social stigma of society. Looking for the effects of these icons in our culture, I decided that it would be beneficial to explore the source of the image building†¦aRead MoreMandinka Empire21578 Words   |  87 Pagesthis article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hia/summary/v032/32.1schaffer.html Access Provided by your local institution at 03/10/13 1:43PM GMT BOUND TO AFRICA: THE MANDINKA LEGACY IN THE NEW WORLD MATT SCHAFFER I I offer here a theory of â€Å"cultural convergence,† as a corollary to Darwin’s natural selection, regarding how slave Creoles and culture were formed among the Gullah and, by extension, supported by other examples, in the Americas. When numerous speakers from different, and sometimesRead MoreChagnon s Case Study Begins With Him Telling A Story About The Ruwahiwa2977 Words   |  12 Pagessense of independence and with that comes their cultural identity. A lot of countries are experiencing cultural overlap, so it is very rare to see the YÄ…nomamà ¶ be so independent and secure in their identity. One can only imagine the difficulty of a task where the culture is unknown and having to gain respect and trust of the community to be able to attempt to take a closer look into their culture and be able to reveal the tribes most intimate cultural secrets. Chagnon’s length and extent of researchRead MoreReview of Paddy Whacked Essay2607 Words   |  11 Pagesother magazines and newspapers. All of his books (The Westies, Born to Kill, Havana Nocturne, and The Savage City) and articles cover some aspect of the criminal world, whether it be the criminal themselves, or the act that they carry out. T.J English was awarded the New York Press Club Award for Best Crime Reporting back in 2010 and had already written two books about organized crime which shows that he is more than qualified to write a book about Irish American Gangsters as a whole. Not only wouldRead MoreThe Presence Of Great Communication Essay1842 Words   |  8 Pagesfollow [my] goals. A similar behavior is witness ed when elaborating on the absence of interpersonal relationships with neighbors and distant family members. Nevertheless, Curtis was able to revert back to the immense support that his nuclear family has provided throughout his childhood and adolescence during the interview, which symbolizes the power of being surrounded by supportive loved ones despite the lack of this asset in other facets of his life. In regards to encouragement, there was some hesitationRead MoreRichard Aoki and The Black Power Movements1507 Words   |  7 Pages An individual who was developed from the black power movements, was Richard Aoki, a third generation Japanese American. He had spent time living in the internment camps as a child during the second world war. 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What Five Paragraph Essay Topics List Is - and What it Is Not

What Five Paragraph Essay Topics List Is - and What it Is Not The Start of Five Paragraph Essay Topics List The secret to all kinds of synthesis is the exact same. You will find that a number of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any type of writing assignment. You have to make sure you're very interested in the topic before you may persuade others about it. Obviously, you can create your own topic to write about. Before discussing the conclusion, it's crucial to take a look at the manner body paragraphs are built. Each paragraph within the body will go over either 1 cause, 1 effect, or a principal point of your general argument that explains your thesis about the importance of the event in question. If somebody doesn't believe in his power, he'd never achieve his objective. Also, simply being popular doesn't necessarily imply a man or woman is more influential. In the majority of cases, you want to produce a topic which will enable other people to realize your viewpoint, and telling them to feel that what you write is true. You might also want to suggest more research or comment on things that it wasn't possible that you discuss in the paper. If you're still searching for the efficient academic writing help to come up with a well-organized five-paragraph paper, know you could order a full writing solution online with no obstacles or risks. In the event the individual is arguing in a transparent manner about a few of the instances involved with their topic and thesis statement, then the paper is going to have opportunity to be heard. School should occur in the evenings. School tests aren't effective. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. They should be allowed to pray in school. MP3 music needs to be free. A podcast about vacations that you have not taken. You should make sure that you select a topic which you find interesting and one that you are going to want to write about. The topic also needs to be unique. 5 paragraph essay topics aren't restricted to the 1 theme. Read the very first and last paragraphs of each essay before you start. Experts who understand how to begin a 5 paragraph essay understand that it is essential to prepare a draft to direct them in writing the essay. The 5 paragraph essay is regarded as the typical essay writing assignment. At this time you would like to know why you need to learn the 5-paragraph essay's structure. Typically, a structure of essay contains three key sections, in other words, introduction, body, and conclusion. The imagery is powerful and one of the utmost effective moments in the movie, and among the few approaching the poetic kind of Moby-Dick. To make a good essay employs the topic. Although it's common, student has to acquire right to become excellent grades. Students have a challenging time in writing if they don't have a draft or outline to follow. To write a strong argumentative essay, they should begin by familiarizing themselves with some of the common, and often conflicting, positions on the research topic so that they can write an informed paper. Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. Each of these forms of paper is owned by the category of informative essay. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you are going to want to argue is an excellent start. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory over a particular age. No matter whether you would like to understand how to compose a three paragraph essay of 5 paragraph paper, an introduction stays the same. You've got a guide and get ideas about what to do with your essay. Stasis theory is understood to be a rhetorical procedure to specify the point of issue in a debate. Also, you can look for sample expository essay topics so you will understand what to research and that which you will deal with.

Cause and Effects of Deforestation free essay sample

The cutting down of forest or deforestation can affect us and have serious effects on our environment as well. A few effects of deforestation are soil erosion, disruption of the water cycle, and possible even global warming When forest areas are cleared, it results in exposing the soil to the sun. Which would make the soil very dry and eventually, infertile, due to nitrogen being lost. In addition, when there is rainfall, it washes away the nutrients, which flow with the rainwater into waterways. Because of this, merely replanting trees may not help in solving the problems caused by deforestation, for by the time the trees mature, the soil will be lacking of essential nutrients. Eventually, cultivation in this land will also become impossible, resulting in the land becoming useless. Large tracts of land will be rendered permanently impoverished due to soil erosion. Trees contribute in a large way in maintaining the water cycle and by getting rid of them it could cause a disruption of the water cycle in the area. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause and Effects of Deforestation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They draw up water via their roots, which are then released into the atmosphere. A large part of the water that circulates in the ecosystem of rainforests, for instance, remains inside the plants. When these trees are cut down it results in the climate getting drier in that area. The trees help in prevention of running off of water and help the soil absorb the flowing water. When there are no trees, water just runs off, leaving no chance for the groundwater tables to absorb more water. By doing so it could ultimately lead to reduction in water resources. The water cycle gets disturbed leading to floods and droughts. It is well-known that global warming is being caused largely due to emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, what is not known quite as well is that deforestation has a direction association with carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Trees act as a major storage depot for carbon, since they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which is then used to produce carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that make up trees. When deforestation occurs, many of the trees are burnt or they are allowed to rot, which results in releasing the carbon that is stored in them as carbon dioxide. This, in turn, leads to greater concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Global warming is another problem looming over our heads each and every day. These are just a few of the causes and effects of deforestation. The consequences are unpleasant as every form of life on earth is connected with one another. Not only do animals lose their homes, but humans dependent on the local ecology are also affected. People dependent on the forests for their survival lose their livelihood. The causes and its effects of this destructive practice can be stopped to some extent, if we all do our bit towards the environment. Remember, trees give us life, without them it will be impossible to sustain life.

Logistics in Practice

Executive Summary Foreign investors have embraced the open door policy and low cost labor, existing in China to expand their businesses. In China, most international companies have spread across major cities such as; Beijing, shanghai and Guangdong regions, which provide favorable business environment for growth. Conversely, since joining the World Trade Organization, WTO, in 2002, more opportunities for Chinese have taken root.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Logistics in Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the country boosts of; increased trading area, protection regulations and negotiation power (Yu Xia and Li-Ping, 2011).Despite of major progress achieved in supply chain management by the government, there still a need for improvement, to effectively deal with pacing globalization, evolving technology and competition granted by similar firms globally. Challenges affecting Chinese firms have coile d around logistics management, legal environment and infrastructure. However, with legal reforms, embracing modern technology and globalization, it is definite that the logistical environment will tend to a new competitive advantage to logistics firms in the country. Western countries have, overtime in revamping their supply chain operations. Exploring opportunities beyond their borders, embracing cost effective strategies and government support has been a driving force for their success. However, issues such as; scalability of supply chain, data security threat and natural catastrophes have slowed down their strength. Introduction Globalization of trade and technological progression of businesses across the world have enriched trade between countries. Strategically, this has fixed an opportunity for countries to streamline their logistics management practices to create a competitive advantage (Sandelands, 1997). Countries have endlessly linked their supply chain to international ne tworks to benefit from the opportunities existing within their national scope. The global networks have provided an elaborate logistics infrastructure, which has result in augmenting operational efficiency, fast product delivery and achieving the business objectives. This paper researches on logistics and operations management in China and Western countries. The paper explores the best practices, challenges, trends and critical issues of supply chain operations and management processes existing between these two countries.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Information about China Despite recent global recession, financial disasters, and economic downturn, China has stood as one of the most active and emerging economies in the world. This has threatened economic powerhouses of the West. However, Sandelands (1997) argues that foreign firms or investors in China have encountered logistical challenges in in terms due to a considerable level of business shrewdness in the local Chinese market. They have cited reasons such as; un-streamlined logistics operations and management practices because of the increased or rapid economic growth, and demand in distribution ( Sandelands, 1997). Conversely, the Chinese government, in recent times, has recognized the challenge, and has earnestly begun revamping its logistics operations and management, as a tool for strategic economic growth. This has been achieved through financing logistics firms, refining logistics infrastructures, creating a nationwide multimodal transport network and building a large-scale logistic center (Lin and Ho, 2009). Literature Review Best Practices Technology is essential in streamlining supply chain activities. According to Jiang and Prater (2002), when selecting and implementing technology in supply chain operations, it is vital to define a mission critical element, and business processes. I t is a wise decision to assess the needs of the customer and evaluate the need for technology in solving the customers’ need. La Londe and Masters (1994) attests that, coming up with definite requirements may prove tough and many businesses fail to get it right. This is because most businesses dwell on identifying direct costs and savings rather than, quantifying critical elements such as; inventory and labor, and hidden costs. When selecting technology, it is good to embrace the return on investment, RIO, as the benchmark; this ensures tangible benefits are achieved in the process (Moncrieff et al, 2003). China has of late, incorporated technology in supply chain operations and management. The internet driven technology such as EDI is common across supply chain processing businesses in the country.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Logistics in Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) has simplified sharing of business documents such as; bills, purchase orders and invoices (La Londe and Masters, 1994). Moreover, sharing information over the EDI has enabled quick response to market demands and prediction of market changes. The West supply chains have also efficiently utilized technology in supply chain operations. Most logistical firms have implemented technologies to simplify business processes and operations. One of the technologies creating competitive advantage for Western firms is the RFID. According to Lin and Ho (2009), RFID is a technology that improves tracking process of products, as they move from the manufacturers to the consumer. Drà ¶ge, and Germain (1991) illustrate that best practice in material’s handling lessen touch labor, supports value-add operations and helps in handling diverse manufacturing scenarios. However, to win this best practice, materials-handling systems should be affordable besides bridging free informat ion flow in the business, and the suppliers. Most West logistics firms such as the US have embraced E-commerce; this has reduced the issue of material handling by creating a competitive advantage (La Londe and Masters, 1994). In the US, businesses such as Wal-Mart, Amazon, e-bay has successfully minimized material handling through e-commerce (Lieb, 1992). According to Manuj and Sahin (2011) having a supply chain that provides a customer with product customization, and diversity through extra value services, is having the best practice that is efficient. That is, does precisely what a customer demand (Manuj and Sahin, 2011). In Spain for example, it is a compulsory for a business to examine its operations with an updated records of yesterday’s challenges as well as forecasting on future improvements (Drà ¶ge, and Germain, 1991). Challenges of supply chain management in China and the West China has experienced some challenges in supply chain management for some time. This, to a larger extend has affected supply chain businesses in the country. The challenges have waterlogged various aspects of supply chain management; warehousing, transport, purchasing, inventory control, order processing and import/export services.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Jiang and Prater (2002), these barriers have arisen because of the internal inefficiency. For example, Jiang and Prater (2002) draw that most manufacturing firms in China have been facing major challenges in transport and ownership of transport services. These challenges have affected the level of contentment in providing transport services. In his survey, Drà ¶ge and Germain (1991) explored challenges facing Joint Ventures in China; he noted that there was a challenge in upholding a simultaneous quality level, whereas decreasing costs by purchasing resources locally. Unique Features of Supply Chain The models of the logistics and supply chain are closely related. Supply chain underpins all the roles and activities tied in fulfilling a customer’s request. These activities include; manufacturing, transporting, warehousing and supply of raw materials and the (Yu Xia and Li-Ping, 2011). The role of a supply chain entails a seamless flow of information, transformati on and delivery of goods from raw materials stage through to the end user. The major reason that fixes the success of a supply chain is the process of integration among buyers and suppliers, the system that links partners and the market thoughtfulness on the base of information rather than inventory. Supply Chain has salient features, which makes it unique in succeeding its tasks. One of the features is inventory management. This feature enables a firm to track and manage supplies of raw materials and constituents needed for production, finished or completed goods to accomplish open sales orders and spare parts needed for field service and sustenance. This helps in minimizing waste, storage costs and frees up the firm for other vital purposes (Jiang, 2002). Order management is also another unique feature of a supply chain. Order management backs in speeding up the execution of the whole process of order to delivery cycle by making firms to productively produce and track sales orders (Ip et al, 2011). This facility also creates dynamism in scheduling supply delivery, to accomplish a demand and heighten a speedy generation of pricing and product alignment. Globalization has made companies to expand tremendously, taking up opportunities existing in foreign lands. Logistics, a management feature connected to supply chain simplifies coordination of copious warehouses and transport routes strengthening on-time delivery performance creating customer satisfaction (Yu Xia and Li-Ping, 2011). Besides, logistics management helps to achieve customer product visibility and shows how a completed product, stored and distributed, irrespective of the volume of facilities or associates engaging. Forecasting and planning is also a unique feature connected with supply chain. With this feature, firms can precisely forecast customer demand, and strategically plan procurement and production practices accordingly. This can reduce unplanned purchases of raw materials, minimize manufac turing overruns and decreases the need of storing excess completed goods. Trend of Supply Chain in China and the West The internet has transformed the way business is transactions are done. Virtually, all business processes are utilizing information technology to achieve a competitive advantage in business processes. The objective of supply chain management is to reduce the time in mitigating the customer requirement and reduce the cost of supply. The growth of internet and its usage in China has surged of late. According to Yu Xia and Li-Ping (2011), internet users in China increased by four million during the first half of 2001. A report by China Internet Network Information Centre, funded by the government confirmed that 26.5 million people uses internet in China (Goh and Ling, 2003). With internet access and emergence of e-commerce over the internet, customers can place Most supply chain businesses in the West embraces commercial transaction online. Thus, the E-commerce adopted aims at reducing the volume of goods between producers and retailers whereas increasing direct deliveries between manufactures and end users (Yu Xia and Li-Ping, 2011). The online technology has created a multifaceted system of the whole logistics system, which is able to manage small and medium-sized shipments to many customers (La Londe, and Masters, 1994). Critical Issues of Supply Chain The products of Chinese’s companies are widespread worldwide; their penetration has been because of cost-effective pricing. However, critics have alleged that, most of the products do not meet the international threshold demanded in the world market. The Chinese employs shortcuts in producing a product; hence, this compromises the product quality (La Londe and Masters, 1994). Scalability of supply chain management in China is also a major issue. The issue has made it difficult for the government to scale down the supply chain harmonizing local, national and global needs. Thus, the gap that prevails between the national and international standards and local implementers is a challenge in which firms in China and the â€Å"Made in China† trademark is falling. The issue of scalability as not only affected consumers, supply chain and policy makers, but also it has become an economic threat for China. Besides, global standards demand higher standards, enforcement, supply chain traceability, compliance monitoring and product testing. This has increased direct proportion to the daily reports of concerns of safety and health issues with Chinese’s products (Goh and Ling, 2003). Whereas, cohesive national and international regulation’s structure provides a solution for china’s supply chain, the Chinese government does not have the regulation system and the necessary financial muscles to fix such a system instantly. Many West firms have cited security breaches as a significant issue in providing supply chain services (Lieb, 1992). The apprehension to wards arguing an operational infrastructure and granting its security has been a major obstacle for supply chain firms. For example, in US, the data theft at Amazon poses a security threat for firms operating in the United States. Most Western firms, experiences logistical delays or interruptions, this is a result of equipment failures and delays. Disrupting factory’s distributions channels because of natural disasters such as natural catastrophes and geopolitical issues have been cited has the potential issues affecting the West. Other issues such as pricing and raw material availability are also notable in West supply Chain (Lieb, 1992). Conclusion Effective supply chain operations and management demands best practices in; planning, implementation and use. When a company lays a good foundation using the aforementioned elements, it is likely to empower its business activities and enhance its competitive advantage. Conversely, business can reduce costs, surge productivity and provide a boost to their business. China of late has emerged as the best destination for supply chain operations. This has been granted because of technology, availability of raw materials and increase in foreign investment. However, despite some challenges, such as; strict government regulations, global competition and infrastructures, its services have been improving day by day. On the other hand, the West has aimed at reducing pressure on its supply chains practices by making use of technology, outsourcing some of its supply chain activities. This has positively helped in reducing costs whereas increasing productivity and accruing return on investment. References Drà ¶ge, C., and Germain, R., 1991. â€Å"Evaluating Logistics Management Information Systems†, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 21, (7), pp.22 – 27 Goh, M., and Ling, C., 2003. â€Å"Logistics development in China†, International Journal of Ip, W.H., Chan, S.L. , and Lam, C.Y., 2011. â€Å"Modeling supply chain performance and stability†, Industrial Management Data Systems, 111 (8), pp.1332 – 1354 Jiang, B., 2002. â€Å"How International Firms Are Coping with Supply Chain Issues in China†, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 7, (4) pp. 184- 188. Jiang, B., and Prater, E., 2002. †Distribution and logistics development in China†, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 32, (9) pp. 783-798. La Londe, B. J., Masters, J. M., 1994. â€Å"Emerging Logistics Strategies: Blueprints for the Next Century†, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 24, (7), pp.35 – 47 Lieb, R., 1992. â€Å"The use of third party logistics services by large American manufacturers†, Journal of Business Logistics, 13 (2) pp. 29-42. Lin, C-Y., and Ho, Y-H., 2009. â€Å"RFID technology adoption and supply chain performance: an empirical study in China’s logistics industry†, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 14, (5), pp. 369-378. Manuj, I., Sahin, F., 2011. â€Å"A model of supply chain and supply chain decision-making complexity†, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 41, (5), pp.511 – 549 Moncrieff, R., Gailius, S., and Ibarra P., 2003. â€Å"A Snapshot of Best Practices in Supply Chain Management†, Handbook of Business Strategy, 4, (1), pp.261 – 267 Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 33, (3), pp. 866-917 Sandelands, E., 1997. â€Å"Strategic logistics management†, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 27, (2), pp.73 – 142 Willersdorf, R. G., 1990. â€Å"Adding Value through Logistics Management†, Logistics Information Management, 3 (4), pp.6 – 8 Yu Xia, T., and Li-Ping, T., 2011. â€Å"Sustainability in supply chain management: suggestions for the auto industry †, Management Decision, 49, (4), pp.495 – 512 This report on Logistics in Practice was written and submitted by user Kaylynn C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

people with aids knowingly kil essays

people with aids knowingly kil essays I strongly believe that the Death Penalty is a form of punishment to be used when needed. This opens up the question, when should it be used? That may be the breaking point in a lot of arguments; deciding when to use the death penalty is a very touchy subject. I believe that only murderers deserve the death penalty, but I do not believe that all murderers should receive it as punishment. In cases where someone was killed in self-defense, the 'murderer' should not receive the death penalty. But when someone is killed in cold blood then there should be a consideration. Again, not all cold-blooded murderers should receive it. Premeditated and sometimes on the spot murders are also candidates, but that depends on how the victim was treated before the murder. Was he/she abused or tormented in a severe way? Or was the victim raped? I would also take into account, the number of people killed by the murderer. We all have loved ones in our lives, and if anything were ever to happen to any of them, fury would prevail over most of us. There are many stories I have read of malicious acts of crime, but two stories will always stick in the back of my mind. One story is about two girls in Texas who were walking home from a friends house; they were 14 s house and took a shortcut home. There was a group of five men initiating one of the gangs 14-year-old brother into the gang. After the fight they started drinking alcohol. The guys saw the two girls approaching and were planning to mess with them. The girls were reported missing the next day. After police received an anonymous call from someone who knew the suspects, they found out the girls were beaten and raped. There were always two men on the girls raping them anally, orally and vaginal for one whole hour. After each guy fulfilled his needs, they beat and strangled the girls, one with a belt, and the other with her sh...

Types of Slavery in Africa and the World Today

Types of Slavery in Africa and the World Today Whether slavery existed within sub-Saharan African societies before the arrival of Europeans is a hotly contested point between Afrocentric and Eurocentric academics. What is certain is that Africans, like other people throughout the world, have been subjected to several forms of slavery over the centuries, including chattel slavery under both the Muslims with the trans-Saharan slave trade and Europeans through the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Even after the abolition of the slave trade in Africa, colonial powers continued to use forced labor, such as in King Leopolds Congo Free State (which was operated as a massive labor camp) or as libertos on the Portuguese plantations of Cape Verde or Sao Tome. Major Types of Slavery It can be argued that all of the following qualify as slavery- the United Nations deems slavery to be the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised and slave as a person in such condition or status. Slavery existed long before European imperialism, but the scholarly emphasis on the African transatlantic slave trade led to a neglect of contemporary forms of slavery until the 21st century. Chattel Slavery Chattel slavery is the most familiar type of slavery, although they make up a comparatively small proportion of slaves in the world today. It involves the complete ownership of one human being by another, whether captured, born, or sold into permanent servitude; their children are normally also treated as property. Chattel slaves are considered property and are traded as such. They have no rights, are expected to perform labor (and sexual favors) at the command of a slave master. This is the form of slavery which was carried out in the Americas as a result of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. There are reports that chattel slavery still exists in Islamic North Africa, in such countries as Mauritania and Sudan (despite both countries being participants in the 1956 UN slavery convention). One example is that of Francis Bok, who was taken into bondage during a raid on his village in southern Sudan in 1986 at the age of seven and spent ten years as a chattel slave in the north of Sudan before escaping. The Sudanese government denies the continued existence of slavery in its country. Debt Bondage The most common form of slavery in the world today is debt bondage, known as bonded labor, or peonage, a type of enslavement resulting from a debt owed to a moneylender, usually in the form of forced agricultural labor: in essence, people as used collateral against their debts. Labor is provided by the person who owes the debt, or a relative (typically a child): the borrowers labor pays off the interest on the loan, but not the original debt itself. It is unusual for a bonded laborer to ever escape their indebtedness since further costs would accrue during the period of bondage (food, clothing, shelter), and it is not unknown for the debt to be inherited across several generations. Faulty accounting and huge interest rates, sometimes as much as 60 or 100 percent, are used in extreme cases. In the Americas, peonage was extended to include criminal peonage, where prisoners sentenced to hard labor were farmed out to private or governmental groups. Africa has its own unique version of debt bondage called pawnship. Afrocentric academics claim that this was a much milder form of debt bondage compared to that experienced elsewhere since it would occur on a family or community basis where social ties existed between debtor and creditor. Forced Labor or Contract Slavery Contract slavery is defined as that created when the slaveholder guarantees employment, luring job seekers to remote locations. Once a worker arrives at the place of promised employment, he or she is violently coerced into labor without pay. Otherwise known as unfree labor, forced labor, as the name implies, is based on the threat of violence against the laborer (or his or her family). Laborers contracted for a specific period would find themselves unable to escape enforced servitude, and the contracts are then used to mask the slavery as a legitimate work arrangement. This was used to an overwhelming extent in King Leopolds Congo Free State and on Portuguese plantations of Cape Verde and Sao Tome. Minor Types Several less common types of slavery are found throughout the world and account for a small number of the total number of slaves. Most of these types tend to be restricted to specific geographic locations. State Slavery or War Slavery State slavery is that which is government-sponsored, where the state and army captures and forces its own citizens to work, often as laborers or bearers in military campaigns against indigenous populations or for government construction projects. State slavery is practiced in Myanmar and North Korea. Religious Slavery Religious slavery is when religious institutions are used to maintain slavery, One common scenario is when young girls are given to local priests to atone for the sins of their family members, which is thought to appease the gods for the crimes committed by relatives. IPoor families will in effect sacrifice a daughter by having her marry a priest or a god, and end up often working as a prostitute. Domestic Servitude This type of slavery is when women and children are forced to serve as domestic workers in a household, held at force, isolated from the outside world and never allowed outside. Serfdom A term usually restricted to medieval Europe, serfdom is when a tenant farmer is bound to a section of land and was thus under the control of a landlord. The serf can feed themselves by working on their lords land  but is liable for the provision of other services, such as working on other sections of land or military service. A serf was tied to the land, and could not leave without his lords permission; they often required permission to marry, to sell goods, or to change their occupation. Any legal redress lay with the lord. Although this is considered a European condition, the circumstances of servitude are not unlike those experienced under several African kingdoms, such as that of the Zulu in the early nineteenth century. Slavery Around the World The number of people who today are enslaved to a degree depends on how one defines the term. There are at least 27 million people in the world who are permanently or temporarily under the complete control of some other person, business or state, who maintains that control by violence or the threat of violence. They live in nearly every country in the world, although the majority are believed to be concentrated in India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Slavery is also endemic in southeast Asia, Northern and Western Africa, and South America; and there are pockets in the United States, Japan, and many European countries. Sources Androff, David K. The Problem of Contemporary Slavery: An International Human Rights Challenge for Social Work. International Social Work 54.2 (2011): 209–22. Print.Bales, Kevin. Expendable People: Slavery in the Age of Globalization. Journal of International Affairs 53.2 (2000): 461–84. Print.Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, as adopted by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries convened by Economic and Social Council resolution 608(XXI) of 30 April 1956 and done at Geneva on 7 September 1956.

American hegemony in the global economic system Essay

American hegemony in the global economic system - Essay Example By the start of 1970s, currents of change were detected in the global economic order, with nationalism and protectionism being replaced by neo-liberalism and free flow of capital. Even as American elites promoted this new economic order, the process was facilitated by respective participant elites from nations across the world. The irony lies in the fact that communist China was at the forefront of the global neo-liberal program, despite claiming its socialist credentials. If the ideological gates of the authoritarian and highly protectionist China could be broken open for free-market capitalism, then it was only a matter of time and strategy before other power bastions of the world are broken through. And this is precisely what had happened. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and the shift in policy framework of several developing countries, the nature and complexion of geo-economics has taken a different form. Needless to say, Americas position as the sole supe rpower has been strengthened by this change. The unsavory aspects of this sweeping change include â€Å"the appearance of a nearly feral form of entrepreneurship in which black marketers, drug barons, arms merchants, rackets bosses, Mafiosi, and other profiteers are emerging as the economic and political leaders of the social transformations underway in their respective societies.† (Buchanan, 2000, p.1) Before embarking on answering the essay question, understanding what neo-liberal globalization truly entails.